Combating Cholera: A Public Health Guide for Pregnant Women, Babies, and Breastfeeding Mothers in Nigeria
Nigeria is currently facing a cholera outbreak, a severe and potentially life-threatening illness, caused by the bacterium, Vibrio cholerae (serotypes 01 and 0139). The disease is primarily spread through the faeco-oral route by the ingestion of contaminated water and food, making it a significant public health challenge, especially in areas with inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water.
For pregnant women, babies, and breastfeeding mothers, the risks are even higher. Protecting these vulnerable groups is crucial to ensure the health and safety of both mothers and their babies. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to prevent and treat cholera for pregnant women, babies, and women breastfeeding. This blog post aims to empower you with knowledge about preventing and treating cholera in Nigeria, while offering some updates on the ongoing efforts to control the outbreak.
A Serious Threat: Cholera and its Impact
Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which infects the intestines and produces a toxin leading to severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. This rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes can be life-threatening, especially for vulnerable populations like pregnant women, new mothers, and young babies if left untreated.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cholera outbreaks can be particularly concerning in regions with poor sanitation, limited access to clean water, and inadequate hygiene practices 1. These factors, unfortunately, are prevalent in many parts of Nigeria.
The 2023 and 2024 Cholera Outbreak in Nigeria
While Nigeria has seen a significant decrease in cholera cases compared to previous years, a worrying outbreak occurred in 2023. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) reported over 3,600 suspected cases and sadly, over 120 deaths 2.
The NCDC reported that as of July 15, 2024, there has been 3,623 suspected cholera cases across 34 states in Nigeria since January 1, 2024, resulting in 103 deaths in 34 out of the 36 states and Federal Capital Territory with Lagos State recording the highest number of cases. On June 9, 2024, the Lagos State government declared an outbreak of cholera. By June 15, the state reported 436 suspected cases. Six days later, there were more than 500 suspected and 43 confirmed cases, with a 5.4% fatality rate among the suspected cases reported.
This highlights the importance of continued vigilance and proactive measures to protect communities, particularly those with pregnant women, new mothers, and young children.
Nigeria's Unique Challenge
Unlike some countries where cholera outbreaks are sporadic events, Nigeria faces a more persistent challenge. Cholera is considered endemic or epidemic in Nigeria, meaning it's constantly present at a low level and can flare up in larger outbreaks seasonally 3. The rainy season, typically between May and September, brings increased risk. Heavy rainfall can overflow poorly maintained sewage systems, contaminating water sources with cholera bacteria. Additionally, areas with limited access to clean water and poor sanitation infrastructure especially where open defecation is practiced are more susceptible to outbreaks 4.
The first major cholera outbreaks in Nigeria were reported between 1970 and 1990 5. Since then, the country has witnessed recurring outbreaks, with some years experiencing a significant rise in cases.
Protecting Our Mothers and Babies
The good news is that cholera is a preventable disease. Here are some key steps pregnant women, new mothers, and their families can take to minimize the risk of infection:
Frequent Handwashing: This is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of cholera. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and clean running water for at least 20 seconds before eating, preparing food, after using the toilet, and after changing diapers.
Safe Water Consumption: Only drink boiled or treated water. Avoid untreated sources like rivers, streams, or stagnant ponds. Boiling water for at least one minute kills cholera bacteria. Consider using chlorine tablets or commercially available water purification solutions if boiling is not feasible.
Proper Sanitation: Dispose of faeces safely in toilets or designated latrines. This helps prevent contamination of water sources and protects the community from the spread of the disease.
Careful Food Handling: Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly with clean water before consumption. Cook food thoroughly, especially seafood. Avoid raw or under-cooked foods, as they can harbor the cholera bacteria.
Breastfeeding and Cholera
Breastfeeding is critical for the health and development of babies, especially in situations like a cholera outbreak. Contrary to some concerns, cholera is not transmitted through breastmilk 6. In fact, breastmilk provides essential antibodies that can help protect babies from various infections. Therefore, mothers with cholera are encouraged to continue breastfeeding their babies if possible while seeking medical attention for themselves.
Treating Cholera
If a pregnant woman, new mother, or baby experiences persistent diarrhea, with or without vomiting, or severe dehydration, it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with oral rehydration solution (ORS) and antibiotics can significantly improve outcomes and prevent complications 7.
By following these simple yet effective preventive measures, staying informed about the latest updates, and seeking timely medical care if needed, we can all play a role in protecting mothers, babies, and all Nigerians from the threat of cholera.
